So, the problem seems to be in this step where it tries to install the version of the tools you requested:

apt-get install -y kubelet=1.28.5-00 kubeadm=1.28.5-00 kubectl=1.28.5-00

If I login to the VM and run that manually, I get the following error:

debian@cp:~$ sudo apt-get install -y kubelet=1.28.5-00 kubeadm=1.28.5-00 kubectl=1.28.5-00
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
E: Version '1.28.5-00' for 'kubelet' was not found
E: Version '1.28.5-00' for 'kubeadm' was not found
E: Version '1.28.5-00' for 'kubectl' was not found

The latest version that seems to be available to the VM is 1.28.2 ... try that and see if it works for you. 1.28.0 also worked for me. Just specify one of these versions when creating the instances through the recipe.