@DustinB The answer is yes, you can, I have.
I have changed modern Linux form BIOS to boot as UEFI. All I had to do was change to GPT, add a ESP/EFI boot partition, change the OS partition mounting, and install the needed EFI boot files. Also update the OS to know it's now a EFI boot setup so the OS updates boot files correctly (a GRUB package change). Then I can set the VM to be UEFI boot... It was not an automated process and I did it as an off-line procedure (not booting the OS I was changing).
UEFI VMs boot quicker than BIOS VMs.
I have not converted windows as I normally started newer versions as UEFI and older version work better with BIOS.